docs: show dynamic cloudflare trusted_proxies as primary example

caddy-cf now bundles WeidiDeng/caddy-cloudflare-ip, so document
'trusted_proxies cloudflare { interval 12h; timeout 15s }' as the
primary (auto-refreshing) approach, with the static-list method noted
as the fallback for builds without the plugin. Also explains
client_ip_headers (Cf-Connecting-Ip preferred, X-Forwarded-For fallback).

.github/workflows/build-docker-images.yml

@@ -46,8 +46,11 @@ jobs:
           tags: |
             ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ gitea.repository_owner }}/blog-ahmza-com:latest
             ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ gitea.repository_owner }}/blog-ahmza-com:${{ gitea.event.head_commit.id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
+          # Registry-backed build cache. The GitHub-hosted 'gha' cache is not
+          # reachable from self-hosted Gitea runners, so store the cache as a
+          # dedicated tag in the same registry instead.
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ gitea.repository_owner }}/blog-ahmza-com:buildcache
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ gitea.repository_owner }}/blog-ahmza-com:buildcache,mode=max
   deploy:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: build
@@ -58,9 +61,13 @@ jobs:
         with:
           setup-key: ${{ secrets.NETBIRD_SETUP_KEY }}
           hostname: 'gitea-actions-blog'
-          management-url: 'https://netbird.ahmza.com'
+          management-url: ${{ secrets.NETBIRD_URL }}
 
       - name: Deploy to RPIC-Cluster
+        # RPIC cluster is temporarily out of service. Don't let its failure
+        # block the Gimli deploy or fail the whole job. Remove this line once
+        # the cluster is back.
+        continue-on-error: true
         uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
         with:
           host: ${{ secrets.RPIC_HOST }}

Caddyfile

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Caddyfile for the blog behind Cloudflare.
+#
+# Topology: Cloudflare (terminates TLS)  ->  Caddy (HTTP :80)  ->  SWS (blog:80)
+#
+# Cloudflare handles the public HTTPS cert, so Caddy serves plain HTTP on :80
+# and does NOT need the Cloudflare DNS-01 / automatic-HTTPS setup. Set the
+# Cloudflare SSL/TLS mode to "Full" so CF->origin is encrypted at the network
+# layer (e.g. over your tunnel/Netbird), even though this listener is HTTP.
+#
+# Copy this file to /etc/caddy/Caddyfile on the caddy_cf host and reload:
+#   docker exec caddy_cf caddy reload --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
+# or restart the container.
+{
+	# Trust only Cloudflare's edge IPs so real visitor IPs (Cf-Connecting-Ip /
+	# X-Forwarded-For) are honoured only when the request actually comes from
+	# Cloudflare. This prevents header spoofing from any other source.
+	#
+	# The `cloudflare` IP source (WeidiDeng/caddy-cloudflare-ip, baked into the
+	# caddy-cf image) auto-fetches the ranges from cloudflare.com/ips-v4 and
+	# /ips-v6 and refreshes them periodically, so there's no static list to
+	# keep in sync.
+	servers {
+		trusted_proxies cloudflare {
+			interval 12h
+			timeout 15s
+		}
+		# Read the real visitor IP from these headers (only honoured for
+		# requests from trusted_proxies above). Cf-Connecting-Ip is
+		# Cloudflare's single authoritative end-user IP; X-Forwarded-For is
+		# the fallback if a request ever arrives without the CF header.
+		client_ip_headers Cf-Connecting-Ip X-Forwarded-For
+	}
+}
+
+# Bind to the hostname on the HTTP port only. Because the address has an
+# explicit ":80" scheme/port, Caddy will NOT try to provision a TLS cert.
+http://blog.ahmza.com {
+	# THE responder: proxy every request to the blog (SWS) container.
+	# This is what was missing before (requests fell through to a NOP -> blank page).
+	reverse_proxy blog:80
+
+	# Compression happens here (SWS has it disabled on purpose).
+	encode zstd gzip
+
+	# Security headers (single source of truth; SWS has security-headers off).
+	header {
+		Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"
+		X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
+		X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"
+		Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+		# Drop Caddy's default Server header.
+		-Server
+	}
+
+	log {
+		output stdout
+		format console
+	}
+}

Dockerfile

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ WORKDIR /tmp/hugo
 COPY . .
 RUN hugo --gc --minify
 
-FROM nginx:alpine-slim
-WORKDIR  /usr/share/nginx/html
-COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
-COPY --from=build /tmp/hugo/public .
+FROM ghcr.io/static-web-server/static-web-server:2
+COPY sws.toml /etc/sws.toml
+COPY --from=build /tmp/hugo/public /public
+ENV SERVER_CONFIG_FILE=/etc/sws.toml
 EXPOSE 80/tcp
+CMD ["--config-file", "/etc/sws.toml"]

archetypes/posts.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title: {{ replace .TranslationBaseName "-" " " | title }}
 description: ""
-tags: [""]
+tags: []
 author: "ahmza"
 date: {{ .Date }}
 draft: true

compose.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 services:
   blog:
-    image: ghcr.io/ahmzaa/blog-ahmza-com
+    image: tea.ahmza.com/ahmza/blog-ahmza-com:latest
     ports:
       - 80:80
     restart: unless-stopped

config/_default/hugo.toml

@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ pagination.pagerSize = 10
 buildDrafts = false
 buildFuture = false
 
+# Keep source-art and editor backup files out of the built site. Without this,
+# files inside page bundles (e.g. feature.aseprite) are copied into public/ as
+# page resources and served publicly.
+ignoreFiles = ['\.aseprite$', '\.bak$']
+
 enableEmoji = true
 
 # googleAnalytics = "G-XXXXXXXXX"

content/posts/arrstack/index.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title: Arrstack
 description:
-tags: [""]
+tags: []
 author: "ahmza"
 date: 2025-05-09T23:44:27+01:00
 draft: true

content/posts/be-more-productive-by-being-bored/index.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: In the modern age we are overwhelmed with stimuli. Learn to cut out
 tags:
   - lifestyle
   - minimalism
-  - prodcutivity
+  - productivity
 author: ahmza
 date: 2024-01-02
 draft: false

content/posts/mc-server-on-docker/index.md

@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ cd .server-data
 2. **Download a Minecraft server jar file:**
 
 - [Vanilla Minecraft Server](https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/download/server)
-		- Right-click the green link that says minecraft_server.<version>.jar and copy the link address.
-		- Download with: curl -o server.jar <link you copied here>
+		- Right-click the green link that says `minecraft_server.<version>.jar` and copy the link address.
+		- Download with: `curl -o server.jar <link you copied here>`
 - [Fabric Mod loader server](https://fabricmc.net/use/server/)
 		- Select the Minecraft version, Fabric Loader Version, and the Installer Version of your choice. I tend to go with the latest.
 		- Download with: Copy the curl command under CLI download

content/posts/mc-server-on-docker/index.md.bak

@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Minecraft Server on Docker ⛏ 🐳
-date: 2022-05-24
-lastmod: 2024-07-20
-author: "ahmza"
-draft: false
-weight:
-
-tags: ["games", "docker"]
-description: "Ever wanted to build a Minecraft server in docker !! Start here"
----
-
-## **Introduction**
-
-Minecraft is a great game that becomes even more enjoyable when played with
-friends. One of the best ways to do this is by setting up a dedicated server.
-This guide will help you do just that!
-
-Setting up and running a Minecraft server does not require a lot of resources,
-but based on my experience, allocating more resources significantly enhances
-performance. Especially when you start to add mods and increase player count.
-
-## **Prerequisites**
-
-- Docker
-- Docker Compose
-
-See [Pi Cluster](/posts/pi-docker-swarm/)
-for more information about my docker setup.
-
-## **Requirements**
-_Requirements Gathered from [here](https://minecraft.fandom.com/wiki/Server/Requirements/Dedicated#Unix_.28Linux.2C_BSD.2C_macOS.29)_
-
-### **Minimum (1-5 Players)**
-
-- Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon based CPU
-- 512 MB RAM
-- 2 GB Storage space
-
-### **Recommended (10-15 Players)**
-
-- Intel Core or AMD K8 based CPU
-- 3 GB RAM
-- 16 GB Storage Space
-
-### **Optimal (20+ Players)**
-
-- Intel i5/i7 or AMD Ryzen 5/7 Based CPU
-- 6 GB RAM
-- 35 GB Storage Space
-
-**My opinion**:
-
-I personally went with the **optimal** settings as I wanted to run mods as well
-as have the capacity for ~10 players. This gives the server breathing room.
-
-However if you will be runing no mods or a few light weight mods and only a few
-players then there really is no need to go higher than 3-4 GB.
-
-## **Building the Container**
-
-Lets get started on building the Minecraft server
-
-1. **Create a directory for the Minecraft server files**:
-```bash
-# Make the folder
-mkdir minecraft-server
-# Enter the folder
-cd minecraft-server
-```
-
-2. **Create an environment file for the Docker Container**:
-- The _.env_ file allows us to specify variables used in the build process.
-```bash
-# Create a .env file
-touch .env
-# Open in a text editor
-vim .env
-# Enter the following variables
-CONTAINER_NAME=minecraft-server
-SERVER_MEM=4096 #change this to your desired value (in MB)
-SERVER_JAR=<downloaded-server-file>.jar # Minecraft server jar file. Change this later
-```
-
-3. **Create the _docker-compose.yml_ file**:
-```bash
-# Create the file
-touch docker-compose.yml`
-# Open in a text editor
-vim docker-compose.yml
-```
-- _docker-compose.yml_ is the spec of our Minecraft server.
-  - Build a docker image using context . and pass some ARGS.
-  - Attach volume .server-data, where Minecraft's files will be stored.
-  - Open network ports to  access to the Docker container
-  - Give the docker container a name
-  - The container will always restart unless we tell it to stop.
-
-```yaml
-services:
-  minecraft-server:
-    build:
-      context: .
-      args:
-        SERVER_MEM: ${SERVER_MEM}
-        SERVER_JAR: ${SERVER_JAR}
-    volumes:
-      - .server-data:/server
-    ports:
-      - 25565:25565 # Game
-      - 25575:25575 # RCON
-    container_name: ${CONTAINER_NAME}
-    restart: unless-stopped
-
-volumes:
-  server-data:
-```
-
-4. **Create the _Dockerfile_ file**:
-
-- requested in docker-compose.yml build stage as context .
-- The _Dockerfile_ is the spec for software running inside the container
-
-```bash
-# Create the file
-touch Dockerfile
-# Open the file in a text editor
-vim Dockerfile
-```
-- We use the [eclipse-temurin:21](https://hub.docker.com/_/eclipse-temurin) image to provide the java JRE
-  - Use the required java version for the version of Minecraft you are running
-- Collect the ARGs from the .env file
-- Set the environment variables
-- Set the working directory to /server which on our local system is .server-data
-- Run the minecraft server jar with the ENV variables
-
-```Dockerfile
-FROM eclipse-temurin:21
-
-ARG SERVER_MEM
-ARG SERVER_JAR
-
-ENV SERVER_MEM=${SERVER_MEM}
-ENV SERVER_JAR=${SERVER_JAR}
-
-WORKDIR /server
-
-CMD echo "Minecraft Server is starting\n" && java -Xms128M -Xmx${SERVER_MEM}M -jar ${SERVER_JAR} nogui
-```
-
-## **Setup the Server files**
-
-We’re almost there, just a few steps to go.
-
-When you try to start the container, you might encounter the following error:
-```bash
-Minecraft Server is starting
-
-Error: Unable to access jarfile server.jar
-```
-This happens because we haven't downloaded the server jar file yet. Let's do
-that now
-
-1. **Create a folder in the minecraft-server folder called .server-data**:
-
-```bash
-mkdir .server-data
-cd .server-data
-```
-
-2. **Download a Minecraft server jar file**:
-  - [Vanilla Minecraft Server](https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/download/server)
-    - Right click the green link that says minecraft_server.<version>.jar and copy the link address
-    - Download with: `curl -o server.jar <link you copied here>`
-  - [Fabric Mod loader server](https://fabricmc.net/use/server/)
-    - Select the Minecraft version, Fabric Loader Version and the Installer Version of your choice. I tend to go with the latest.
-    - Download with: `Copy the curl command under CLI download`
-
-3. **Go back to the root minecraft-server folder**
-
-```bash
-cd ..
-```
-
-4. **Edit SERVER_JAR in .env with the name of the .jar you just downloaded**:
-```bash
-# Open in a text editor
-vim .env
-# Enter the following variables
-CONTAINER_NAME=minecraft-server
-SERVER_MEM=4096
-SERVER_JAR=<downloaded-server-file>.jar # Change this to the name of the .jar you downloaded
-```
-
-5. **Run the container to generate necessary files like 'eula.txt'**:
-```bash
-docker compose up
-```
-you will see something like this:
-```bash
-minecraft-server  | Starting net.minecraft.server.Main
-minecraft-server  | [18:05:50] [ServerMain/INFO]: You need to agree to the EULA in order to run the server. Go to eula.txt for more info.
-minecraft-server exited with code 0
-```
-
-6. **Accept the EULA**:
-
-```bash
-# edit eula.txt in a text editor
-vim .server-data/eula.txt
-# change `eula=false` to `eula=true`
-eula=true
-```
-
-7. **Make any additional changes you want**:
-- Notable files:
-  - **server.properties** - Configure server name, game mode, world type etc…
-  - **ops.json** - server operators (can be set in-game)
-  - **whitelist.json** - players allowed to join the server (can be set in-game)
-
-## Run the Minecraft Server
-
-1. **Run the container in detached mode**:
-```bash
-# The -d flag allows the container to run in detached mode, i.e., in the background
-docker compose up -d
-```
-
-```bash
-# monitor the logs as the server starts. Use CTRL+C to exit
-docker logs minecraft-server --follow
-# If you see the following lines, your server is up and running:
-     [18:17:01] [Server thread/INFO]: Time elapsed: 25529 ms
-     [18:17:01] [Server thread/INFO]: Done (34.571s)! For help, type "help"
-```
-
-## **Conclusion**
-
-Congratulations! You've successfully set up a Minecraft server. Now it's time
-to play!
-
-There are many exciting possibilities from here, such as installing mods or
-creating scripts to manage the server. Enjoy your Minecraft adventures!

content/posts/pi-docker-swarm/index.md

@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ a **bare metal server that sucks a lot of power to a low power solution.**
 - 4 x PoE hats
 - 1 x 5 port PoE Switch
 
-![Cluster(fix this image)](/img/pi-docker-swarm/cluster.webp)
-
 ### **Point Of This post**
 
 After following this post you will have setup _Docker swarm_ on a cluster of Pis
@@ -329,7 +327,7 @@ vim hosts
 ```
 
 - **_[piCluster]_** - specifies a group of hosts
-- **_<ip address>_** - change these to the Pis IP addresses
+- **_`<ip address>`_** - change these to the Pis IP addresses
 
 **create the Pi Intercommunication keys**
 

content/posts/securing-ssh/index.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 title: Securing SSH 🤖
 description: Ever wanted to make your SSH connections more secure. Read this
 tags:
-  - HomeLab
-  - RemoteAccess
-  - SSH
+  - homelab
+  - remoteaccess
+  - ssh
 author: ahmza
 date: 2021-12-07
 draft: false
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fine 😊
 - Max Auth Tries 5
 - PasswordAuthentication no
 - PermitEmptyPasswords no
-- AllowUsers <user>
+- AllowUsers `<user>`
 - ClientAliveInterval 180
 
 ``` bash

content/posts/setup-a-hugo-site/index.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Setup a HUGO Site
 description: Always wanted to setup a static website. Look no further !! In this post we go over the basics of setting up a HUGO site
 tags:
   - blog
-  - HUGO
+  - hugo
   - web
   - development
 author: ahmza

content/posts/setup-wsl/index.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ wsl --install
 Go to the Microsoft store and search for a Linux distribution. I prefer
 to use the "Ubuntu" distribution.
 
-![Microsoft Store](/img/WSL/ubuntu.webp)
+![Ubuntu in the Microsoft Store](ubuntu.webp)
 
 Once installed, go ahead and run the distribution, after it finishes setting
 itself up it will ask you for a username and password. These credentials are
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ I use the windows terminal app to run the Ubuntu distribution, it makes
 customising the environment a lot easier. To download it head over to the
 Microsoft store and search for Windows Terminal and download it.
 
-![Microsoft Store](/img/WSL/winterm.webp)
+![Windows Terminal in the Microsoft Store](winterm.webp)
 
 When you login to WSL it will not default to your home directory. To fix that go
 to the Windows Terminal Settings look for Ubuntu or your distributions name and
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ change the Starting directory to
 \\wsl$\<distro>\home\<username>
 ```
 
-> Be sure to change "<distro>" to your distributions name
+> Be sure to change `<distro>` to your distributions name
 
-> Be sure to change "<username>" to your username
+> Be sure to change `<username>` to your username
 
-![winterm-settings](/img/WSL/winterm-settings.webp)
+![Windows Terminal settings](winterm-settings.webp)
 
 ## **Conclusion**
 

content/posts/welcome/index.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: Welcome
+description: The mandatory hello world post — a quick intro to who I am and what this blog is about.
 tags:
   - blog
   - misc

docs/caddy-reverse-proxy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# Caddy as a Reverse Proxy
+
+This document describes how to run [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) as a
+reverse proxy in front of the blog.
+
+It uses the custom [`caddy-cf`](https://github.com/ahmzaa/caddy-cf) image
+(`ghcr.io/ahmzaa/caddy-cf:latest`) — a Caddy build with the **Cloudflare DNS
+module** baked in.
+
+## Deployment topologies
+
+There are two supported ways to run Caddy in front of the blog. **Pick one.**
+
+### 1. Cloudflare in front (current production) — HTTP only
+
+```
+Cloudflare (terminates TLS)  ->  Caddy (HTTP :80)  ->  SWS (blog:80)
+```
+
+Cloudflare proxies the domain and provides the public HTTPS certificate, so
+Caddy only needs to serve plain **HTTP on :80** and reverse-proxy to the blog.
+Caddy does **not** provision a TLS cert in this mode. This is the live setup and
+its config is the committed [`Caddyfile`](../Caddyfile) at the repo root —
+see [Cloudflare-fronted setup](#cloudflare-fronted-setup-http-only) below.
+
+Set the Cloudflare **SSL/TLS mode to "Full"** so the Cloudflare→origin hop is
+still encrypted at the network layer (e.g. over Netbird), even though Caddy's
+listener is HTTP.
+
+### 2. Caddy terminates TLS via Cloudflare DNS-01
+
+```
+Client  ->  Caddy (HTTPS :443, ACME DNS-01)  ->  SWS (blog:80)
+```
+
+Caddy obtains/renews the certificate itself using the ACME **DNS-01** challenge
+through the Cloudflare API — no inbound `80`/`443` from the public internet is
+required, which suits a Netbird-only setup with no Cloudflare proxy in front.
+The stock Caddy image cannot do this; the `caddy-cf` build bundles the
+Cloudflare DNS provider plugin. See the Docker Compose / Kubernetes examples
+later in this document.
+
+## Why a reverse proxy?
+
+The blog is served by [Static Web Server (SWS)](https://static-web-server.net/),
+a tiny Rust binary that ships static files over plain HTTP on port `80`. SWS is
+intentionally kept lean — it does **not** terminate TLS, and its compression and
+security headers are disabled (see `sws.toml`). Those concerns are delegated to
+the reverse proxy so that each layer owns exactly one job:
+
+| Concern              | Owned by | Notes                                             |
+| -------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
+| TLS / HTTPS certs    | Cloudflare *or* Caddy | Cloudflare in topology 1; Caddy (DNS-01) in topology 2 |
+| Compression (gzip/zstd) | Caddy | `encode` directive; SWS compression is off        |
+| Security headers     | Caddy    | Single source of truth, avoids duplicate headers  |
+| Serving static files | SWS      | Reads from `/public`, sets `Cache-Control`/`ETag` |
+| Cache-Control / ETag | SWS      | Declared at the origin, passed through by Caddy   |
+
+### Why the Cloudflare DNS-01 challenge?
+
+Caddy does **automatic HTTPS** out of the box, but the default HTTP-01 /
+TLS-ALPN-01 challenges require ports `80`/`443` to be publicly reachable so
+Let's Encrypt can verify domain ownership. This project's infrastructure is
+reached over [Netbird](https://netbird.io/) (a private overlay network), so
+those inbound challenges are not an option.
+
+The **DNS-01** challenge instead proves domain ownership by creating a TXT
+record via the Cloudflare API — no inbound connectivity required. The `caddy-cf`
+image bundles the Cloudflare DNS provider plugin so Caddy can do this. All it
+needs is a Cloudflare API token with **Zone:DNS:Edit** permission on the
+`ahmza.com` zone.
+
+## Origin contract
+
+Whatever the deployment, the SWS origin exposes:
+
+- **Protocol:** plain HTTP
+- **Port:** `80`
+- **Health endpoint:** `GET /health` → `200 OK`
+- **Cache headers:** already set by SWS (Caddy should pass them through, not override)
+
+Caddy only needs to handle TLS (or let Cloudflare do it), add compression +
+security headers, and forward requests to that origin.
+
+---
+
+## Cloudflare-fronted setup (HTTP only)
+
+**This is the current production topology.** The canonical config is the
+committed [`Caddyfile`](../Caddyfile) at the repo root; copy it to the
+`caddy_cf` host and reload. Highlights:
+
+- **`http://blog.ahmza.com`** — the explicit `http://` scheme binds Caddy to
+  `:80` only and stops it from trying to provision a TLS certificate (Cloudflare
+  already serves HTTPS to visitors).
+- **`reverse_proxy blog:80`** — proxies to the blog (SWS) container by its
+  compose service name. Caddy and the blog container must share a Docker
+  network. Omitting this responder makes Caddy return an empty `NOP` response —
+  i.e. a **blank page**.
+- **`encode zstd gzip`** — compression happens here (SWS has it disabled).
+- **`header { ... }`** — security headers (SWS has them disabled).
+- **`trusted_proxies cloudflare { ... }`** + **`client_ip_headers
+  Cf-Connecting-Ip X-Forwarded-For`** — so the real visitor IP is used for
+  logging/matchers, but only when the request genuinely comes from Cloudflare
+  (prevents header spoofing from any other source). The `cloudflare` IP source
+  ([WeidiDeng/caddy-cloudflare-ip](https://github.com/WeidiDeng/caddy-cloudflare-ip),
+  baked into the `caddy-cf` image) auto-fetches the ranges from
+  <https://www.cloudflare.com/ips-v4/> and <https://www.cloudflare.com/ips-v6/>
+  and refreshes them on the configured `interval`, so there is no static list to
+  maintain:
+
+  ```caddy
+  trusted_proxies cloudflare {
+  	interval 12h
+  	timeout 15s
+  }
+  ```
+
+  `client_ip_headers` lists which header holds the real visitor IP:
+  `Cf-Connecting-Ip` is Cloudflare's single authoritative end-user IP, with
+  `X-Forwarded-For` as the fallback. It is only trusted for requests coming from
+  the `trusted_proxies` above.
+
+  > If you ever run without the `caddy-cloudflare-ip` plugin, you can instead
+  > pin the static ranges with `trusted_proxies static <ip/cidr ...>` copied
+  > from the Cloudflare IP pages, but then you must keep them in sync manually.
+
+Deploy and reload:
+
+```bash
+# Put the Caddyfile in place on the caddy_cf host (e.g. into the ./conf mount),
+# then reload without downtime:
+docker exec caddy_cf caddy reload --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
+
+# Verify from the host (expect HTTP 200, Content-Encoding: gzip, X-Frame-Options):
+curl -sI -H "Accept-Encoding: gzip" http://localhost/ | grep -iE 'HTTP|content-encoding|x-frame'
+```
+
+> **Cloudflare SSL/TLS mode:** set it to **Full** so the Cloudflare→origin hop
+> is encrypted at the network layer (e.g. over Netbird), even though Caddy's
+> listener is plain HTTP.
+
+---
+
+The remaining sections describe **topology 2** (Caddy terminates TLS itself via
+the Cloudflare DNS-01 challenge) for setups without a Cloudflare proxy in front.
+
+## Docker Compose (Gimli)
+
+Run Caddy and the blog container on the same Docker network. Caddy reaches the
+blog by its service name (`blog`) over the internal network, so the blog's port
+does **not** need to be published to the host.
+
+The Cloudflare API token is passed to Caddy as the `CF_API_TOKEN` environment
+variable and referenced from the Caddyfile — keep it out of the committed
+config. Store it in a `.env` file (git-ignored) next to `compose.yml`:
+
+```dotenv
+# .env
+CF_API_TOKEN=your-cloudflare-api-token-with-zone-dns-edit
+```
+
+### `compose.yml`
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  blog:
+    image: ghcr.io/ahmzaa/blog-ahmza-com
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    # No host port mapping needed — only Caddy talks to it, over the
+    # internal Docker network. Remove the previous "80:80" publish.
+    expose:
+      - "80"
+
+  caddy:
+    image: ghcr.io/ahmzaa/caddy-cf:latest   # Caddy + Cloudflare DNS module
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    container_name: caddy-cf
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+      - "443:443"
+      - "443:443/udp"   # HTTP/3 (QUIC)
+    environment:
+      # Consumed by the {env.CF_API_TOKEN} placeholder in the Caddyfile.
+      - CF_API_TOKEN=${CF_API_TOKEN}
+    volumes:
+      - ./conf:/etc/caddy       # contains the Caddyfile
+      - ./data:/data            # persists certificates — DO NOT lose this
+      - ./config:/config
+```
+
+Place the Caddyfile at `./conf/Caddyfile`.
+
+### `./conf/Caddyfile`
+
+```caddy
+# Reusable Cloudflare DNS-01 TLS snippet. The token is read from the
+# CF_API_TOKEN environment variable so it never lives in the config file.
+(cloudflare) {
+	tls {
+		dns cloudflare {env.CF_API_TOKEN}
+	}
+}
+
+blog.ahmza.com {
+	# Obtain/renew the cert via the Cloudflare DNS-01 challenge.
+	import cloudflare
+
+	# Reverse proxy to the blog container by its compose service name.
+	reverse_proxy blog:80 {
+		# Use the SWS health endpoint for active upstream checks.
+		health_uri /health
+		health_interval 10s
+		health_timeout 2s
+	}
+
+	# Compression is done here, not in SWS.
+	encode zstd gzip
+
+	# Security headers live here so there is a single source of truth.
+	header {
+		Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"
+		X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
+		X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"
+		Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+		# Remove Caddy's default Server header
+		-Server
+	}
+
+	log {
+		output stdout
+		format console
+	}
+}
+```
+
+> **Certificate persistence:** the `./data` volume stores the issued
+> certificates and ACME account key. Keep it — deleting it forces Caddy to
+> re-request certificates and can hit Let's Encrypt rate limits.
+
+Bring it up with:
+
+```bash
+docker compose up -d
+```
+
+---
+
+## Kubernetes (Raspberry Pi cluster)
+
+The blog runs as a `Deployment` behind a `Service`. Caddy runs as its own
+`Deployment` and proxies to that Service via in-cluster DNS
+(`blog.blog-ahmza-com.svc.cluster.local`, or just `blog` from within the same
+namespace).
+
+### Cloudflare API token Secret
+
+Store the Cloudflare API token in a `Secret` and inject it into the Caddy
+container as the `CF_API_TOKEN` environment variable (never bake it into the
+ConfigMap):
+
+```bash
+kubectl create secret generic caddy-cloudflare \
+  --namespace blog-ahmza-com \
+  --from-literal=CF_API_TOKEN='your-cloudflare-api-token-with-zone-dns-edit'
+```
+
+### Caddyfile via ConfigMap
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: caddy-config
+  namespace: blog-ahmza-com
+data:
+  Caddyfile: |
+    (cloudflare) {
+    	tls {
+    		dns cloudflare {env.CF_API_TOKEN}
+    	}
+    }
+
+    blog.ahmza.com {
+    	import cloudflare
+
+    	reverse_proxy blog:80 {
+    		health_uri /health
+    		health_interval 10s
+    		health_timeout 2s
+    	}
+
+    	encode zstd gzip
+
+    	header {
+    		Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"
+    		X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
+    		X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"
+    		Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+    		-Server
+    	}
+
+    	log {
+    		output stdout
+    		format console
+    	}
+    }
+```
+
+### Caddy Deployment + Service
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: caddy
+  namespace: blog-ahmza-com
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: caddy
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: caddy
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: caddy
+          image: ghcr.io/ahmzaa/caddy-cf:latest   # Caddy + Cloudflare DNS module
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+            - containerPort: 443
+            - containerPort: 443
+              protocol: UDP
+          env:
+            - name: CF_API_TOKEN
+              valueFrom:
+                secretKeyRef:
+                  name: caddy-cloudflare
+                  key: CF_API_TOKEN
+          volumeMounts:
+            - name: config
+              mountPath: /etc/caddy
+            - name: data
+              mountPath: /data      # certificate storage — must persist
+      volumes:
+        - name: config
+          configMap:
+            name: caddy-config
+        - name: data
+          persistentVolumeClaim:
+            claimName: caddy-data
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
+metadata:
+  name: caddy-data
+  namespace: blog-ahmza-com
+spec:
+  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
+  resources:
+    requests:
+      storage: 256Mi
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: caddy
+  namespace: blog-ahmza-com
+spec:
+  type: LoadBalancer   # or NodePort, depending on the cluster
+  selector:
+    app: caddy
+  ports:
+    - name: http
+      port: 80
+      targetPort: 80
+    - name: https
+      port: 443
+      targetPort: 443
+```
+
+> **Blog Service:** the existing `blog` Service should expose port `80` and
+> target the SWS container port `80`. Caddy reaches it as `blog:80` from inside
+> the same namespace.
+
+> **Certificate persistence:** the `caddy-data` PVC is the K8s equivalent of the
+> `./data` Docker volume. Without a persistent volume, a pod restart wipes
+> the certificates and re-triggers ACME issuance.
+
+> **DNS-01 and Netbird:** because certificates are issued via the Cloudflare
+> DNS-01 challenge, the cluster does **not** need inbound `80`/`443` from the
+> public internet for ACME. The `LoadBalancer`/`NodePort` above only needs to be
+> reachable by your clients (e.g. over Netbird or your LAN).
+
+---
+
+## Notes and gotchas
+
+- **DNS-01 needs no inbound reachability.** Because the `caddy-cf` image solves
+  the ACME challenge via the Cloudflare API (DNS-01), Caddy does **not** need
+  ports `80`/`443` exposed to the public internet to issue certificates. This is
+  what makes it work behind Netbird. It does need outbound HTTPS to the Let's
+  Encrypt and Cloudflare APIs.
+- **Cloudflare API token scope.** The token needs **Zone → DNS → Edit** on the
+  `ahmza.com` zone. Keep it in a `.env` file (Docker) or a `Secret` (K8s), never
+  in the committed Caddyfile — the config references it as `{env.CF_API_TOKEN}`.
+- **DNS must be managed by Cloudflare.** The `ahmza.com` zone has to be hosted on
+  Cloudflare for the DNS-01 challenge to create the required `_acme-challenge`
+  TXT record.
+- **Do not double-compress.** SWS compression is off by design; Caddy's `encode`
+  directive is the only place compression happens. Enabling both wastes CPU.
+- **Do not duplicate headers.** Security headers are set in the `Caddyfile`. SWS
+  has `security-headers = false` so there is no conflict.
+- **Cache-Control comes from the origin.** SWS already sets long-lived caching on
+  static assets and short/no-cache on HTML. Caddy passes these through; avoid
+  adding conflicting `Cache-Control` header directives in the `Caddyfile`.
+- **Health checks.** Both examples use SWS's `/health` endpoint for active
+  upstream health checking, and it also works as a K8s liveness/readiness probe
+  on the blog pod itself.
+- **HTTP/3.** The Docker example publishes `443/udp` to enable QUIC. Remove it if
+  your network path does not support UDP.

layouts/_default/_markup/render-link.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<a href="{{ .Destination | safeURL }}"{{ with .Title}} title="{{ . }}"{{ end }}{{ if strings.HasPrefix .Destination "http" }} target="_blank"{{ end }}>{{ .Text | safeHTML }}</a>
+<a href="{{ .Destination | safeURL }}"{{ with .Title}} title="{{ . }}"{{ end }}{{ if strings.HasPrefix .Destination "http" }} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"{{ end }}>{{ .Text | safeHTML }}</a>

layouts/partials/extend-footer.html

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <br>
 <div class="flex items-center gap-x-5">
-	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 rel='me'" href="https://mastodon.social/@ahmza">Mastodon</a>
-	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 rel='me'" href="https://github.com/ahmzaa">Github</a>
-	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 rel='me'" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmza/">Linkedin</a>
+	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400" rel="me noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://mastodon.social/@ahmza">Mastodon</a>
+	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400" rel="me noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/ahmzaa">Github</a>
+	<a class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400" rel="me noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmza/">Linkedin</a>
 </div>

layouts/shortcodes/image.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<img src="{{ .Get "url"}}" alt="{{ .Get "alt"}}" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:50%;height:auto;padding:10px;">
+<img src="{{ .Get "url"}}" alt="{{ .Get "alt"}}" loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:50%;height:auto;padding:10px;">

layouts/shortcodes/video.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<video autoplay loop muted playsinline aria-label='{{ .Get "label"}}' style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:50%;height:auto;padding:10px;">
+<video autoplay loop muted playsinline preload="metadata" aria-label='{{ .Get "label"}}' style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:50%;height:auto;padding:10px;">
     {{ with .Get "mp4" }}<source src="{{ . }}" type="video/mp4">{{ end }}
     {{ with .Get "webm" }}<source src="{{ . }}" type="video/webm">{{ end }}
 </video>

nginx.conf

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-# auto detects a good number of processes to run
-worker_processes auto;
-
-#Provides the configuration file context in which the directives that affect connection processing are specified.
-events {
-    # Sets the maximum number of simultaneous connections that can be opened by a worker process.
-    worker_connections 1024;
-    # Tells the worker to accept multiple connections at a time
-    multi_accept on;
-}
-
-
-http {
-    # what times to include
-    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
-    # what is the default one
-    default_type  application/octet-stream;
-
-    # Sets the path, format, and configuration for a buffered log write
-    log_format compression '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
-        '"$request" $status $upstream_addr '
-        '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent"';
-
-    gzip on;
-    gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)";
-    gzip_vary on;
-    gzip_proxied any;
-    gzip_comp_level 9;
-    gzip_buffers 10 8k;
-    gzip_http_version 1.1;
-    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript image/webp image/svg+xml image/x-icon application/javascript application/x-javascript application/json application/xml application/xml+rss;
-
-    server {
-        # listen on port 80
-        listen 80;
-        # save logs here
-        access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log compression;
-
-        # where's the root dir
-        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
-        # what file to serve as index
-        index index.html index.htm;
-
-        location / {
-            # First attempt to serve request as file, then
-            # as directory, then fall back to redirecting to index.html
-            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
-        }
-
-        # Media: images, icons, video, audio, HTC
-        location ~* \.(?:jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|cur|gz|svg|svgz|mp4|ogg|ogv|webm|htc|webp)$ {
-          expires 1y;
-          access_log off;
-          add_header Cache-Control "public";
-        }
-
-        # Javascript and CSS files
-        location ~* \.(?:css|js)$ {
-            try_files $uri =404;
-            expires 1y;
-            access_log off;
-            add_header Cache-Control "public";
-        }
-
-        # Any route containing a file extension (e.g. /devicesfile.js)
-        location ~ ^.+\..+$ {
-            try_files $uri =404;
-        }
-    }
-}

static/admin/config.yml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ media_folder: "assets/uploaded/img"
 public_folder: "/uploaded/img"
 
 ## SiteTitle
-site_url: htpps://blog.ahmza.com
+site_url: https://blog.ahmza.com
 display_url: blog.ahmza.com
 logo_url: https://blog.ahmza.com/logo.webp
 

static/admin/index.html

@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@
     <!-- Include the script that enables Netlify Identity on this page. -->
   </head>
   <body>
-    <!-- Include the script that builds the page and powers Decap CMS -->
-    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@sveltia/cms/dist/sveltia-cms.js"></script>
+    <!-- Sveltia CMS, pinned to a specific version with Subresource Integrity.
+         Bump the version + regenerate the integrity hash when upgrading:
+         curl -sS https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@sveltia/cms@<ver>/dist/sveltia-cms.js \
+           | openssl dgst -sha384 -binary | openssl base64 -A -->
+    <script
+      src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@sveltia/cms@0.172.4/dist/sveltia-cms.js"
+      integrity="sha384-Sj4Mfbg9OjjwG2ZE/YeUYu7xbZRTXGFg/wa/nszj3KzItKuRLEmGqSpV5C9YI2Ge"
+      crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
   </body>
 </html>

sws.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+[general]
+
+#### Server
+
+# Listen on all interfaces, port 80 (matches previous nginx setup)
+host = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 80
+
+# Root directory of the static site (Hugo `public/` output)
+root = "/public"
+
+# Number of worker threads (0 = auto-detect based on CPU cores)
+threads-multiplier = 1
+
+# Log level
+log-level = "info"
+
+#### Performance / caching
+
+# Compression is handled by the upstream reverse proxy, so it is disabled
+# here to avoid doing the work twice (wasted CPU per request). Re-enable if
+# SWS is ever exposed directly without a compressing proxy in front.
+compression = false
+compression-static = false
+
+# Emit Cache-Control + ETag headers with sensible per-content-type defaults.
+# The origin is the correct place to declare cacheability; the proxy/CDN
+# passes these through. SWS applies long-lived caching to static assets
+# (images, css, js, fonts) and short/no-cache to HTML.
+cache-control-headers = true
+
+#### Routing
+
+# No SPA-style page fallback: this is a static Hugo site, not a single-page app.
+# Missing paths should return Hugo's generated 404.html with a real 404 status
+# (SWS serves /public/404.html automatically) rather than masking broken links
+# with a 200 homepage response, which harms SEO (soft 404s).
+
+#### Security
+
+# Security headers are set by the upstream reverse proxy, so they are
+# disabled here to avoid duplicate/conflicting headers. Let one layer own
+# the security posture. Re-enable if SWS is exposed without such a proxy.
+security-headers = false
+
+# Health endpoint at /health for container/K8s liveness probes
+health = true